Key Critical Success Factors Of Ryanair Management Essay

Key Critical achievement Factors Of Ryanair Management EssayRYANAIR- The Irish blue represent airline was founded in 1985 by the Ryan family as a sm every(prenominal) competitor to Irish issue airline Aer Lingus. As Ryanair walked on the same business mildew as that of its competitors. But this schema suck uped by Ryanair never turned start as a profitable angiotensin converting enzyme and took it nowhere. In 1990s, Ryanair transformed its strategy and beneath the drawship of Michael OLeary it decided to restructure and model itself after southwest Airlines, the successful US Carrier and because enter into British Isles, and then in to whole of Europe. (Johnson, et al, 2008).The move of effective resource planning and redesigning Ryanair under the leadership of Michael OLeary was the turning block for the airlines. The Mantra of maintaining slump be and No Frills worked wonders for Ryanair. Its effective resource planning and inwardness competency helped Ryanair to develop and grow throughout familys. Using regional and lower-ranking airdromes, non to charge customers for fuel surcharge, trim back operational and manipulation charges were on the main agenda on Ryanair. give inable to combination of all these activities Ryanair was able to maintain low approachs and frankincense earn shekels out of it.Ryanair go about many hurdles to pass on where it is today .Sudden rise in fuel court, compensations to passengers, aftermaths terrorist attacks, purlieual taxation schemes, fraught relationship with pilots and staff, sundry legal action and many more acted as potholes to Ryanairs smooth ride. But Michael OLeary who was called boththing from arrogant pig to messiah (Johnson, et al, 2008), balanced ein truth sector of the organisation and scripted the success diary of Ryanairs.As per ELFAA (European Low F argons Airline Association)2010 statistics, in the socio-economic class 2009, Ryanair topped the list with maximum exit of pa ssengers among its European low cost competitors. It covered 28.67% (i.e. 65.3m) passengers share among its ELFAA counterparts and move arounds over one hundred fifty destinations throughout Europe, and operates 1070 daily trajectorys over 1000 routes(Anon, 2010)KEY CRITICAL victory FACTORSLOW PRICESAs Ryanair operated in short-haul trips, it helped Ryanair to maintain low necks. Low pabulums helped to displace demand, particularly from carte conscious travellers who would have rather opted for either doer of transportation.The European Low gets Airline Association (ELFAA) announced that last year its members carried 162.5 million passengers, representing an 8.7% increase on the previous year(Anon, 2010).This showed that, let it be for waste or business, European consumers are chosing low fare airlines as it fork outs them beat Value for Money air services.POINT-TO-POINT MODELPoint to Point workFigure 1 head to point model(Source http//ostpxweb.dot.gov/aviation/airlin ebusinessmodel.htm )Ryanair operates in short-haul routes, which connects subaltern and regional airdromes of the travelling destination. Ryanair carries out its point-to-point operations on a unshakable and frequent basis which has helped airlines to snuff out the necessity of frills services to its customers, which becomes instead an necessary in long-haul routes. This point-to-point service helped Ryanair to serve non-stop and direct routes to its customers, and olibanum eliminate extra costs which are touchd in long-haul routes. It withal helped airlines to frankincense get its unit costs as aircrafts are utilised more. It helps in reducing operating costs, as flights are direct and does not enquire any connecting flights and further expenses involved in it.NO FRILLSAncillary r yetues are regarded by analysts as a lucrative source of revenue growing for Ryanair at high margins(Milmo and Griffiths, 2006)Ryanair believed in No Frills policy .There is withal no compli mentary food and drinkinstead this is sold on board(Anon, 2004).It make revenue by imposing charges on hotels, travel, excess baggage,flight change fees, in flight retail and other such(prenominal) facilities. This helped Ryanair to maximise its Ancillary revenue. charge focus on this No Frills policy, Airline chief Michael OLeary suggested that installing pay toilets would lower ticket costs and make flying, somehow, easier for all (POGATCHNIK, 2009). He believed this leave further help in generating ancillary revenue and thus get out further support in simplification on fares.CHOICES OF ROUTESAccording to Pitt and Brown(2001) at present, there is a clear gain in terms of the duration in which the air carriers apprise physically move customers from one point to the other, basically speaking there is actually tiny disparity in terms of the total journey duration when we allow for airport processes and procedures and thus comparing it with the judgment of conviction taken to reach to the deviance airport and to transfer from the arrival airport to the final destination. It was for the same motive that regional and secondary airports were majoritily connected by Ryanair as this helped in keeping the airport and handling cost low as compared to the main congested airports. Thus choices of routes was make by keeping Ryanairs Budget airline model in question as it strengthens the competitiveness of the airline.It also enabled to make quicker departures, and quicker flight turnovers.LOW OPERATING COSTSRyanair strategies and action plans had make it Europes biggest low fare carrier. As Ryanair operates in short-haul routes it aims at reducing aircraft equipment costs by victimization single type of aircrafts which later on upgraded to new generation aircrafts due(p) to stiff competiton and environmental needs and regulationspersonnel expenses by improving harvest-feastivity of its present staff by providing productivity-establish incentives, on-board sales incentives for flight attendants, amount of hours flown by pilot and the cabin crew within the set time limits, this motivated the staff to work for more hours.customer service costs by attaining competitive rates by signing multi-year contracts with third party contractors for aircraft and passenger handling, ticketing and other services.As Ryanair was the largest travel website in Europe and fifth nigh recognised website in Europe,thus net profit booking has immensely helped to reduce the customer service cost and also remove commission charges of the agents andairport access and handling costs which is the also the key competency of Ryanair.Intorduction of web-based check in and priority boarding helped Ryanair to enhance cost cutting in airport access charges. Also introduction of charges on report bags helped in step-down of baggages and saved costs and enhanced the performance and the speed of the aircraft.Ryanair unploughed its gos cost under look by solely o perating Boeings-737 jets and thus kept training, maintenance and operating costs under check(Anon, 2004).BRANDRyanair is a very well-positioned brand, You know exactly what it stands for not something you can say too much in the travel business( McGuinness, 2010). Imposing toilet fee, excess baggage restriction, charges on credit cards, allegations of overstressing of staffs,environmental issues, sundry legal actions and many other such issues provided notice Ryanair free of cost forwarding and thus promoted itself as lowest fare airlines in Europe.Ryanair fifth most searched website world huge, this show the potency of the its low cost carrier brand. (OConnell and Williams, 2005).TECHNOLOGYWeb based check-in helped in reduction of airport costs for the Ryanair. Officials at the no-frills Irish airline tell by lowering its airport costs they can pass th savings to passengers by lowering the fares further(Pugh, 2009). It saved check-in time and also reduce check-in staff costs a nd thus helps in maximizing profits.Ryanair fleet of 130 Boeing 737-800s, is the youngest fleet and emits someer gases than its older aircrafts( Chesshyre, 2007).This made Ryanair environment friendly and thus follow all environmental norms.STRATEGIC electrical capacityRESOURCESRyanair is a non-union operation having its headquarter in Dublin, Ireland(Box, 2007). Ryanair mainly carries out its operations from secondary and regional airports.In the year 2006 Ryanairs saw ontogenesis in its profession by 26% to 34.8 million passengers and even ancillary revenues grew by 36%, which was higher than passengers revenues.Ryanair had a fleet of around 100 new Boeing 737-800 aircraft, which was the youngest fleet having an average age of 2.4 years. These new aircrafts were environmental friendly and also consumed lesser fuel. Ryanairs stock was up by 12% in a year to 9.28euros per share.Ryanair manpower grew to 3500 employees.Ryanair being a brand in airline sector, made profits due to i ts adequate fund and resources.CORE COMPETENCESA core competence is a set of skills and technologies, which enables a company to achieve a particular benefit to customers(Hamel and Prahalad,1994). It would not compulsorily be product-specific,but represent a very unique and difficult-to -imitate practices, which certainly stands as a pillar for the upstandings competitiveness. It would not be generally an asset or a value that can be ascertainn in a firms balance sheet, it is a skill for doing things.initially Ryanair focused on customer service and also wanted to provide lower fares than its fellow airlines-British Air slipway and Aer Lingus(Gillen and Lall, 2004). In the 1990s Ryanair copied Southwest Ailrlines,US business model and chose a new way to establish itself as Low Fare Carrier Airline in Europe. Ryanair took the Southwest operational aptitude to the bordering step by providing no service-no food no jet ways no frequent flyer programme no refunds no travel agents no tickets no connects (Gillen and Lall, 2004). Ryanair mainly focussed on providing low cost, competent, regular connections and subsequently offering no other frills or supporting services(Kangis and OReilly, 2003). This policy helped Ryanair to generate revenue.Numerous possibilities for non-price differentiation exist focusing on features such as punctuality, high frequencies and timing of flights (Klophaus, 2005). Ryanair adopted point-to-point routes as the it is not retard by interlining passengers. Check-in is more faster because the point-to-point journey is simple than an interline one as choice is of regional and secondary airports. Boarding is rapid as seat choice is better for passengers who arrive early at the departure gate( Barrett, 2004). This also helped in maintaining high punctuality for Ryanair.Lower costs also stem from reduced complexity in activities (Gillen and Lall, 2004). Further Ryanair outsourced its activities as Outsourcing brings a flexibility to an air line in choosing between different suppliers of services such as aircraft maintenance, handling at airports, catering, and inflight magazines. Outsourcing brings flexibility to the company in choosing whether or not to renew contracts as they expire. In inflexible labour securities industrys securing efficiency gains from an inhouse labour force is likely to be more difficult and involve compensation for change( Barrett, 2004). By adopting outsourcing Ryanair has made its development much easier and has expanded quite uncompromisingly which has given it a initial mover benefit in negotiating with airports and allowed it to sign long-term contracts( Gillen and Lall, 2004)PORTFOLIO ANALYSISBCG MATRIXBoston Matrix draw(Sourcehttp//www.oup.com/elt/catalogue/teachersites/oald7/wotm/wotm_archive/boston_matrix?cc=global)The market share and the growth of market are the two contingent variables which determine the position of the firm. According to Seeger(1984) it is one of the simplest a nd most vivid concepts which consists of two impotant variables of the market i.e. market growth and market share.Ryanair fall under Cash Cows as it growing slowly even though its market share is high. It heavily targeted at maximising its market share and cash flow.As ryanair adopted no frills policy and outsourcing, the investments needed by it has to be low.Even though having high revenue Ryanair cannot expand its activities into other product lines, as its competitive advantage of low fare can be disturbed by certain small change in charges or taxes.VALUE range of mountainsThe purpose of the value- compass model is to assist companies to evaluate and take aim the optimum set of activities and methods of performing them to create the most value for the firm (McPhee, 2004). It incorporates both traditional business activities that provides continuous value to the organization and wide range of activities from modern strategic theory. Very Impotantly , expanded activites i.e Sup ply chain management, Product use,End of primary use,External networks, ensures that no potential strategic activity is slide by and no opportunity for enhancing value is ignored.INFRASTRUCTURE Minimum Corporate HQHRMLow Cost TrainingLimited staffManagement controlIn-housePerformance contractsTECHNOLGY DEVELOPMENT networkWeb informationIntegratedInternet salesPROCUREMENTDiscount on aircraftsAlliancesOutsourcedPrivateLow costLow cost suppliersAirport agreementsLow costNo frills dissipated turnaroundReliable serviceLow cost promotionsFree publicity due to controversiesInternet salesLimited resourcesHigh productivity inbound logisticsOperationsOutbound logistics trade and salesHigh productivityRYANAIR VALU CHAINRyanair has least infrastructure required for corporate HQ. HRM involves Low cost training, modified crew, control of management, in-house and performance contracts that is done by developing technologically such as internet and low tech marketing on internet sales(McPhee, 2004). The procurement of low cost training is done with discount from Boeing, exceptional crew procurement involved alliances which result in No frills and low cost operations, management control is outsourced for quicker turnaround and reliable services. Marketing and sales incurs very less expenses as there is more internet sales involvement with little promotion costs, free publicity through controversies and yield management. Performance contracts are low cost productivity based which utilizes the less available productive resourcesSTRENGTHSThe Mantra Ever decreasing costs .Point to point flights, No frill policy ,and innovative ancillary schemes led to growth in revenues and thus made Ryanair financially strong and successfulRyanair has a very strong Brand and reputation in the European market, which enables them to adopt aggressive pricing stratergy.Ryanair can credit much of its success to its tricksy chief executive, Michael OLeary, who has used a combination of Irish bla rney and curl bloody-minded effrontery to achieve growth for his airline(Anon, 2010). He readily faced all the hurdles that came in Ryanairs way and thus with his innovative vogue converted these controversies it into publicity for Ryanair.Ryanair has the youngest single aircraft Boeing 737-800 fleet which has high seat concentration and also helped in reduction of maintanace and training costsSecondary and regional airport approach helped Ryanair in maintaining operations in busiest aviation trade areas and thus reduce airport handling and flight turnover times.Web-based ticketing and check-in have been root foring people as it is time saving and also workable for them.Ryanair has a huge future because of the untapped market. Lower fares help Ryanair to attract customers who use non-aircraft modes for travelling longer distances.WEAKNESSCustomer relationship is very poor.Ryanairs operates from secondary and regional airports, which sometimes are very far onward from the actua l destination.Ryanair had weak employee relations.As Ryanair is a low cost fare carrier any new tax or charges effects its profits greatly.Ryanair is prone to bad controversial issue in the press, which gives a controvert picture about the Brand RyanairLEADERSHIPDeveloping Ryanair from the point of gag law to the top profit making low fare airline, handling all controversial issues and media, motivating and energising people, facing legal actions and competitors. There is little doubt that OLearys confrontational personality has ruffled more than a few feathers amongst his rivals (Anon, 2004). But for Michael OLeary, any criticisms of him or his airline were looked up as punch-drunk and completely pointless methods to divert Ryanair from its mission.All this is enough to prove that Michael was an in effect(p) and innovative leader with every quality which a modern leader must pursue in order to achieve goals.ConclusionRyanair by choosing a Low Cost Carrier Approach, have achieve d it through restraint of product design, simplicity of processes and simplicity of organization (Gillen And Lall, 2004). Thus we can see Ryanair have restructured the European markets competitive environment and made an impact on the worlds domestic airlines market, which was monoploised by huge airlines(OConnell and Williams, 2005).

Timbre In The First Movement Of La Mer

Timbre In The source Movement Of La MerTimbre is the quality of a musical comedy maintain or sound or tone that distinguishes different types of sound production, such(prenominal) as voices or musical instruments. Sometimes tone of voice is also cognize as tone quality or tone colour.La Mer is an orchestral composition by Claude Debussy. The composition began its life in 1903 in France and was perfect in Eastbourne in 1905. Its starting line performance had mixed reviews possibly overdue to the strained relationship he had with his wife and also some critics say it did non create whatever signified impressions of the ocean. The orchestra that premiered the raise was also poorly rehearsed.In this essay I am going to identify the basic categories of lineament assiduous by Debussy in the number 1-class honours degree figurehead, De laube midi sur la mer from La Mer. I am going to show how caliber is employed structurally through with(predicate) the course of the work, with clear identification of structural points and relationships mingled with the shares. I will also show how quality in this offset movement is fundamental compared to other parameters.As we kat once Debussy was heavily fellow traveller to impressionism which was required by atmosphere and the drill of suggestion. Debussy utilisations tincture to suggest colour, body fluid and atmosphere, as would Monet or Renoir in their sustain paintings. In particular, one of Debussys greatest influences when composing La Mer was the Japanese artist Hokusai. In his painting The ample Wave of Kanogawa he shows a vivid scarce suggestive, powerful s fashion breaking with foam and spray crashing, creating a scene of terror. This painting is actually similar to Debussys first movement, which is vague scarcely also has moments of terror in it. This can be tick sullenn at stuff 84 here the mod character starts.Today, La Mer is highly regarded because of its powerful creati on of colours and Debussys catchback of the sea. Debussys unique employment of these creations induct more than than certainly gone on to influence many later scores, such as you might stupefy within the film industry because of its suggestive atmosphere. For example, John Williams Jaws. Generally speaking, La Mer has been influential on many contemporary soundtrack composers because of its highly suggestive and glum atmosphere. The structure of this piece was quite different from other pieces composed close to the same time. Debussy fits his structure around the moods, journey and life of the sea without any human element, just purely about nature.We can see through many books and online articles how all-important(prenominal) timbre was to Debussy. Caroline Potter in Debussy and disposition describes that Debussys representation of the sea avoids monotony by using a quite a little of water figurations that could be classified as musical onomatopoeia they evoke the sensati on of swaying, movement of beckons and suggest the pitter-patter of falling droplets of spray. We know that musical onomatopoeia is well-nigh associated with specific musical instruments, so Debussy probably chose the instruments with a timbre he felt related to the sea, such as the flute solo at the arrayning of the movement at bar 44 which might will the impression of a bird soaring above the sea It has a lonely character, possibly a sea bird. Debussy also went a stop further when creating sounds related to the sea. Simon Trezise states in the Cambridge Companion to Debussy that for much of La Mer, Debussy spurns the more obvious devices associated with the sea, wind, and concomitant storm in favor of his own, highly soul vocabularyDebussy gives a pictoral title for his fist movement from come through to twelve noon on the Sea. Whether this was intentional to give a literal name for his first movement is unknown but the work certainly does create pictures of the ocean. by the first movement we can hear the gentle swells and glistening climbs of the sea to the breaking of the waves on the shoreline. Perhaps through the quieter parts of the movement it suggests that under(a) the sea it is calm and un changing yet on the surface is an ever-changing picture. La Mer is split into three different movements the first being From Dawn to Noon on the Sea with quick timbral transfers to suggest the seas different, ever changing natures. From Dawn to Noon on the Sea is built upon short episodes, which use different instruments to suggest the various timbres of the sea. Debussy develops this to a wonderful suggestion of the pretentiousness of waves, as a theme for divided cellos swells and subsides this is similarly copied by the boiler and horns. These episodes can also be heard in the last stages of the final movement.In the first movement of La Mer, Debussy remarkable use of timbre can be seen. As Paul Henry Lang notes, its a vibrating, oscillating, gl immer sound complex, caressing the senses in which Debussy rarely uses the full mass of the orchestra, but approaches it with delicacy and resourcefulness to shimmer in a thousand colours. As a result, Debussy splits his strings up into separate lines, combines the sounds of contrasting instruments, uses provocative harmonies with pair chordal movement and unresolved progressions, and plays about with thematic fragments that never kernel together into full-b low gearn melodies, all to achieve unprecedented, yet wholly natural, sounds and timbres. capital of South Dakota Boulez calls the result an infinitely flexible conception of acoustical instrumental relationships that avoided symmetry, a development conceived in feelings and irreducible to a formal classical plan.As noted in the introduction, La Mer was unlike any other piece composed at the time. He uses timbre as a sexual relation to the structure of La Mer. The inception marked at pp starts with strings and harps. This tim bre creates a still and calm opening, possibly representing the first light at dawn. Instruments are thus gradually added, such as the rolling of eardrum, with the deep, vestige sound of the double bass, perhaps giving a sense of whats to come as well as contrasting with the harps and strings. Also at the opening our sense of pulse is ambiguous. The harps reflect this by playing in octaves in their lower register, together with the cellos also in octaves producing a dark and smelling(p) sound, which blends with the background. The beginning of this movement brooks a pure harmonized and mystical payoff to imitate the calm of the sea at dawn. As the sun soft rises, at bars 1-5 the violas, doubled at the octave, add their ascending pentatonic melody, which gives sense of a fresh and clean start to the day.At bar 31 the first principal section follows. This part of the movement grows and develops its own material, being mostly independent. However, we can see it is still based u pon the opening, with a few different elements omitted. For instance at bar 33, we can see that the flutes pentatonic motif is doubled by the clarinets at the octave below. The use of the pentatonic melody might suggest an oriental flavour. The use of the flutes that dominate the hollow consecutive fifth have a similar timbre to that of the Chinese flute. As Debussy was closely related to the art movement of the time, this perhaps can be related to Debussys preference to The Great Wave off Kanagawa. In the background to this, the befriend violins and violas wave- like ostinato figure suggests the shimmering, repetitive surface of the sea, while the cellos wider range and more active motion might begin to imply more movement of the sea below the surface. In this section, the harps also play rolling chords that add resonance and suggest the relentless rays of the sun.The second principal section of the movement starts at bar 84. So far, the cellos have played only an accompanying rol e by suggesting the depths of the ocean. We can now see a new motif that Debussy uses at bar 86. Debussy employs the quartette part divided cellos to dominate the sonority. This is something that is a very unusual arranging in Debussys orchestration. At the structural changing point, Debussy again uses the cellos to create a full, strongly articulated and intense sonority, combined with the swelling of the rolling timpani and the horns, to proclaim and bring us into a new section. This drastic change could suggest rumbling thunder or a slow but huge surge of the sea during a storm, gathering its power to collision out on a large rock. This is then followed by a short interlude from bars 122-133. This ten bar section consists of twain strong points of four bars with only minor variation in the last four bars. A two bar extension is then added. At this point in the piece we can hear that the impetus is slack and the sea has become uneventful. This can be seen in the timbre employe d in this particular section. If we look at the string section they are directed to play Sur la Touch. This creates a soft, dull tone quality, which reflects the uneventful sea below.We then move into the final section (coda) of the piece. We can see that the harps light ringing timbre, as they play arpeggios in a high register, is used to employ an effect of light. This is contrasting to the low full and dark sound in the beginning. This effect produces a undimmed tone colour and adds a clear articulation to the ensemble. This suggests the midday icon of the ocean filled with the strength of the sun at its highest point. The Trombones also solve their first entry in La Mer, creating a tremendous sense of the alarming power of the sea. As the music advances towards a splendid tutti ending, the chorale symbolizes the midday sun bursting through the sea mist after the uneventful stillness of the interlude. The shining atmosphere of the midday suggested in the title is vividly pre sented.Debussys use of timbre is fundamental throughout La Mer and perhaps is more crucial than other parameters that other composers might usually rely on, such as tonality and structure. However for Debussy, the use of timbre is very important when reproducing and replicating the sounds of the great ocean. The timbres he has used throughout reflect the title of the first movement and do suggest characteristic features one might associate with the sea.One of Debussys greatest attributes is the way he creates musical colour. Susan Key, a generator for the LA philharmonic program books describes how Debussy achieves his sonorities by augmenting the standard orchestra with some glistering two harps and a large percussion section. But other musical elements also become agents of colour. Harmonic changes serve as colour washes chords solve rather than resolve. Short melodic motives rather than fully developed themes sparkle in brief solos, substituting timbre and movement for narrat ive coherence.Debussys cultivate use of timbre is shown in his orchestral scoring of the first movement of La Mer. The use of timbre and effect it has in Debussys orchestration not only becomes an important part of his formal structure, but they also provide energetic pictorial images and emotional atmospheres demonstrating his close relationship of music with optic impressionism. In La Mer, a vivid landscape is suggested from the various wave figurations, shimmering light and onomatopoeic sound effects. The vagueness, ambiguity and effects of light he uses reflects the visual arts, and are vividly implied from his usage of instrumental echoing effects, tremolo strings, harp, and the supernumerary timbre of percussion instruments. Although Debussys usage of instruments and most of his instrumentations are not as aggressive as his fellow composers such as Mahler, Strauss and Stravinsky, his delicate way of exploiting timbre is one of his most important contributions.I have place how Debussy has used timbre to suggest colour, atmosphere and emotion in the first movement of La Mer. I have also shown how timbre is employed structurally through the course of the work and how for Debussy, timbre is just as, if not more important than any other parameters in La Mer.

Who Is To Blame For Low Voter Turnout Politics Essay

Who Is To Blame For Low pick outr Turnout Politics seekDemocracy is the most favorable form of government in todays world. Its existence said that we all told should work hand in hand in golf-club to make decisions on certain governmental matters and that put up exactly be make attainable by dint of participation which is vote. Our right to elector fishing gear is guaranteed in Canada under percentage 3 of Charter of Rights and freedoms2 provided legion(predicate) passel dont exercise this right. entirely if they had non been granted this right, they probably give feel offended and divested. Regardless of Section 3, Canadian elector kit in recent years has been disappointing and non actually reassuring. In ago few decades, there has been a gradual decrease in elector end product in Canada. Turnout has dropped signifi ceasetly since 1988. In 2000, the tractor trailer r distri justivelyed final mark ever but the record was elevate impoverished in 2008 fe deral elections3which embossed eyebrows of all policy- qualification parties and further raised questions and concerns whether Canadian coun strive and the electoral brass argon force playive enough. A number of scholars and political scientists point that we necessity to bring in a in the raw effective electoral constitution in order to summation elector equipage and government and policy makers hold similarly commenced ship notifyal to improve Canadian democracy. This paper examines the voter tackle in past few decades, reasons for decrease in voter turnout, including cynicism and apathy of voters and versatile possible refines in order to make Canadian democracy more(prenominal) effective.Voter turnout shag be described as when recorded voters vote and when registered voters tag a bal make do during elections. It is calculated by dividing number of valid votes by registered electoral districts4. It doesnt count rejected bal slews or spoiled bal often. Voter turnout is really important in admonishmining steady-going deals confidence and satis detailion with the government, political parties, and their policies. It is as well a good sign of healthy democracy. High voter turnout legitimizes the governments authority over concourse. Voter turnout also reflects communitys eng maturement in politics and decisions being made by political members on their behalf. It also shows polite literacy among mess in regards to political issues. Increase in turnout ordain decrease inequality among social separates5. But the gigantic story in news from past twain decades is decrease in voter turnout. From 1945 to 1988 Canada has sleep withed full(prenominal) level of voter turnout6. Since 1988 it has decreased significantly, with the humbleest mark in 2008 federal elections. It was 75 % in 1988 comp bed to 64.7% in 2006 and 58 % in 20087. Canada has enjoyed very high voter turnout until 1988. Voter turnout in Canada is baseborn comp argon d to opposite countries such as Australia, France, Ger galore(postnominal), New Zealand and join Kingdom8. The questions that arises is why do some people vote and others dont enjoy this privilege. Why is it so low in Canada? This question has been a warm topic and central to many political scientists and political enquiry9. thinkable Ca givesThis can be due to cynicism and apathy of people. mint are very pessimistic about what government does and there is an absence of enthusiasm in people. Recent studies signal that voters felt cynical, disappointed, dissatisfied and there was a adept of disempowerment. People think that government wastes a lot of time and capital rather than making right choices for common good. Its bureaucracy and decisions are made by bureaucrats. They make decisions based on their own takes. Politicians are dishonest, self-centered, unaccountable, need integrity and accomplish very little10.Lots of research has been through with(p) on this particular topic by various authors, political scientists and periodncies but no specific or static reasons were pardoned or they are so far to be revealed. Each study revealed different aspects, different reasons and circumstances for low voter turnout. Lots of those studies revealed variables independent of cynicism and apathy of voters. There are lots of other possible causes for lower voter turnouts. These factors range from personal reasons to age and gender. Voters lack of involvement because of disinterest in elections is one of the main causes of low voter turnout11. They unremarkably think that their votes are meaningless and then allowing not make any difference if they dont vote. But people seem to do forgotten that every vote counts and every vote makes a difference. That being said, one of the reasons behind this thinking is that government usually proposes referendums during elections and these referendums reflects a change or proposes a particular constitutional measur e. A good example would be Charlottetown Accord, 199212. People who are not regard in pick out are unaware of these referendums and hence delay all the changes that would pay off otherwise been considered as positive changes. likewise people are less likely to start out the parties, their policies, candidates and appealing leading13. Every society proposes few legislations and policies that they will implement after they attain been choosen. Reason why people dont find these policies appealing is because those policies dont meet their expectations and totally meaningless to them. People also dont find their leaders charismatic. If we look at the census, Liberal ships company has made absolute majority government most of the times. Liberals had some exceptional leaders such as Sir Wilfrid Laurier, William Lyon Mackenzie King, Lester B. Pearson, Pierre Trudeau, Jean Chretien and these leaders guard had charisma. They attracted people towards them because the policies they d iscussed before elections, implemented most of them14. Current government has been criticized by everyone for not coming up with strategies to fight economic deficit and fighting recession. march plan was developed but it did not have such(prenominal) refer15. Another reason that can be considered responsible for low voter turnout is personal or administrative components of voters life16. take usually takes place during daytime and weekdays. Most people go to work or school or are unable to vote due to various personal difficultys. Sometimes, their electoral district is too far from work and they are unable to vote. A lot of people are also absorbed with their families, kids and other family responsibilities after hours and are unable to go down to their constituency and vote. In conclusion, these reasons could be the few basic reasons that led to decline in voter turnout.There are few other controversial reasons which affects voter turnout. quantify is considered one of them . It has been said that people are usually off during summer time on vacation and winter weather conditions can deter participation. It also explains cross sectional variations. Weather conditions do have an effect on voter turnout17whereas statistics Canada doesnt provide any such evidence. Also none of the other studies provide any evidence for this argument with further research. Elections have been conducted at various days, various months18. Television and turnout is other controversial reason but there hasnt been much debate on this particular topic. It has been said that TV is a revolution in democracy and it gives people clear understanding of trends and issues but it has reduced voter turnout. TV has reduced radios efficiency which is really effective in rural areas19.People use their leisure time in watching TV rather than listening to political agendas on radio. They spend more time in delight as opposed to focusing on informative aspects20. No other studies provide such evidence. Socio-economic characteristics also affect voter turnout. Turnout is high in advanced countries. Advanced countries are more likely to participate in their countries matter and decisions21. other factors include changing times and values, religion, yen authority of one political party, political disaffection, gender, education, origin etc2223.Lower youngish Participation and EnhancementEven though these factors play significant federal agency in voter turnout but not all political scientists and scholars agree on them. They all seem to agree on two main reasons that have a huge impact on voter turnout in past as well as in recent elections and these reasons are youth electoral engagement and Canadian electoral arrangement. Less participation of youth or apathy among youth can be a possible reason as discussed by many political scientists24. Politicians and government are concerned about why young people dont participate in elections or if they do, why their turno ut is so low as compared to other age groups. The turnout between age group of 18 to 24 is still relatively small. Knowing that fact that it has been decreasing, actual reasons behind this are still foggy and poorly understood. In 2008 federal elections total turnout was 58.8% and lowest turnout was among age group of 18-24 with 37.4%25. early days in Canada dont involve themselves in Canadian Politics. More research take to be done to find out what motivates young people. pith for Information and Research on Canada, at one instance mentioned some young adults are highly mobile, and so less rooted in their communities and less aware of community needs and issues. For these reasons, they are likely to be less interested in elections. But as they grow old, it generally assumed that they will become more likely to vote26But politicians and government arent that optimistic as young voters are moving away from politics. This can be determined by looking at enrollment of student in Political Science courses at University level. It has been gradually declining27.Youth must be encouraged to participate in elections. Young voters magnetic inclination to vote needs to be understood. Also Canadian leaders or parties should directly address Canadian youth during elections28. Seminars or multimedia campaigns should be conducted for young people to educate them and make them more aware of Canadian political system and how to participate in it. Round table discussions in colleges and universities would be an effective step in civic literacy of youth and parents must discuss politics with their children at home and it will definitely upraise their politics skills. Also students must stay in school and schools should cater political science courses or make them mandatory or coercive29. New experiments and tests needs to be designed to increase voter turnout not just among youth but overall population30. We need to give profound consideration to Canadian youth and their needs. Much needs be done in order to over come this matter.electoral System and Possible ReformsAlthough electoral system is not the sole problem for low voter turnout, it has been blamed primarily for citizens apathy and cynicism. Canadas current electoral system is based on single member plurality or most commonly known as First-Past-the-Post (FPTP) at federal, eclogue and municipal level. In this system, a single individual is elected from a horseback riding to represent citizens of that electoral district. share who assembles most votes becomes Member of Parliament. There has been an current debate on whether Canadian electoral system should be changed. Advocates of this system argue that it produces stable majority government31whereas other political scientists argue that we need new system as it is outdated. There have been lots of problems with current Canadian electoral system including regional polarization, fairness, under-representation of women, democratic l imiting32. Once again, advocates replied by saying that there is no solution to regionalism as population is sparsely divided in provinces. There is not much that government or political parties can do in order to overcome that unequal distribution of population. Arguments were also made on relative representation electoral system by saying that it can bring to pass unsought results such as political fragmentation, coalition or nonage governments, cabinet instability etc. They further mentioned that theres no guarantee that voter turnout will go up if Canada introduces new electoral system and also its not going to have any effect on representation33. Survey was conducted by Elections Canada to find out whether people are satisfied with current electoral system. There werent too many variations in the results i.e. on one hand people want to give up current electoral system and at the same time try proportional representation system34.In recent years, electoral reform proponents ar e willing to introduce comparative Representation in Canada. It is a primary substitute to Single Member Plurality35. According to this system, each member will pack his/her share or a sit down based on shares of votes they get, regardless of whether they get highest number of votes or lowest number of votes. This will give a fair and equal take a chance to all the members who are riding for that constituency. Also voters wouldnt think that their votes are meaningless. They get to choose member of their choice. comparative Representation has two categories List System and Single Transferrable Vote36. Buy as usual Proportional Representation has its critics. Critics argue that this will create many small new parties within the legislature, will produce unstable government by freehand an opportunity to radical parties to represent themselves and not all constituencies will be covered37.Most democracies in world today use Proportional Representation. Voter turnout level is beyond exception in countries that are practicing proportional representation. It has been widely considered that Proportional Representation will have a huge impact on Canadian political system which includes more representative parliament, reduction of regional polarization, no single party majority governments equal representation of all members from various constituencies, Prime Minister will have less power, federal and provincial balance38. Research has also demonstrated that Proportional Representation will lead to high turnout39. Provinces such as British Columbia, Ontario, New Brunswick have considered this option and have taken appropriate steps to introduce this system among community members. Ontario also introduced Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) System which can also be as another alternative to our current electoral system. Mixed Member Proportionality is mixture of local elected districts member and members elected on provincial level from party list. It gives options to p eople to choose two members at same time, one from party and second a local candidate. It will create stable parties, equal representation, fair election results, accountability stronger voter participation etc40.Alternative vote can also go hand in hand with Proportional Representation. Under alternative vote people have to rank the candidates based on their preference and candidate much receive 50% vote and candidates will lower number of votes are mechanically dropped out. Hence number of votes goes up and number of candidates goes down41.Electronic Voting is another big alternative that can replace our current electoral system. Surveys conducted have demonstrated that Canadians favor internet voting, especially youth. All provinces have high approval rate. It has been considered the best method to increase voter turnout, compensate better than Proportional Representation42. Another surveys conducted by Toronto Star have revealed high approval rate43. It will be a lot easier for people to vote online and very reliable. It will solve the problem of those people who cant make it to their electoral districts on voting day. People can regularly provide feedback through surveys about government policies at federal, provincial and municipal levels. Critics argue that internet voting will create intelligent concerns. Research issues can also lead to failure of this internet voting. In addition, security issues can come into play and resolving these security issues can put extra burden on the budget as it will cost lost of money44.Another concern with this is people who are data processor illiterate, or people who doesnt have access to computers but the Government is be after to test this system by 2013.Compulsory Voting or authorization Voting could be another alternative. In this system, all voters must register and obliged show up on voting day. They still have the choice of not to vote. Fines or other sanctions will be compel if they dont show up. Many ad vanced democracies are using mandatory voting such as Australia, Belgium, and Brazil. Voter turnout is very high in these countries. Proponents of this system argue that this will increase voter turnout, election campaigns can focus more on issue rather than teaching people about electoral system. This can also enhance peoples participation in political process other than voting45. Compulsory voting critics argue that people will vote just for the sake of voting. This will not express their opinions. It is an undemocratic way to vote and it infringes their get hold of rights under section 3. Majority of Canadians are against this voting system. Penalties can be expensive for people who cannot afford to pay. It also doesnt address questions of low voter turnout and civic literacy among citizens46.Lots of different proposals have been discussed by various political scientists which includes civic literacy among people. People should be taught about politics. It can be done through me dia. Countries with high civic literacy have high voter turnout47. Other proposals say that Permanent Residents should be allowed to vote as they make good amount of Canadian population. Being Permanent Resident, they cannot do certain things and voting is one of them. Critics argue that this infringe section 3 or charter of rights and freedoms and take holds valuable and experienced people away from participation which further declines their interest in politics48. More opportunities for peoples participation in politics should be developed. Diversity should be increased i.e. women and visible minorities. Government should also keep citizens demands in mind and should work on them. public opinion surveys should be conducted each year to find out satisfaction in government. Public opinion and overall good should be preferred while making diplomatic decisions.ConclusionVoter turnout has been decreasing. Efforts are being to find out the reasons behind it. Different authors, scholar s, political scientists use different opinions and views to explain this trend. We must change low voter turnout trend and electoral reform could be a revolutionary idea. Canadian democracy must be improved by putting more emphasis on citizens needs. People should be encouraged to engage in politics through civic literacy. Reforms are not to that degree being implemented but theres a good chance that they will be looked upon and tested in future. As Canadians, its upto us whether we want to see a change. Research is yet being conducted to reveal what underlies beneath, offer practical solutions and overcome this problem.

Comparison of HIIT Exercise and Cycling

Comparison of HIIT Exercise and CyclingState the investigate headspring being studied by the authors. Write a brief overview of the research topic by explaining the routine of the study, the purpose of the problem being studied, and the results and conclusions.The purpose of this study was to explore physiological effects for a length of eight-spot-spot weeks of continuous natural activity in gym classes while doing either high volume legal separation cipher or continuous throw exercise on a bicycle. While the effects of high in ecstasysity interval exercise (HIIE) was researched in athletic populations, studies analyzing the effects of such interval workouts once per week in sedentary individuals while they as well performed regular cardiopulmonary natural activity was uncommon. The results of this study were signifi chamberpott in conclusion that continuous decrease exercise when cycling improved body patch and cardiorespiratory fitness in collegiate aged female s who as well recordd in physical direction classes. Cardiorespiratory fitness, measured by prizeing uttermost oxygen untake (VO2 Max), also improved in collegiate aged females during HIIE while cycling. establish on the results of this study, it was concluded that female students in college could benefit from continuous mode mark exercise (CME) training, when spin cycling. As the obesity epidemic and chronic disorders continue, which occurred receivable to a lack of physical activity, it was clear that the purpose of this study was to bequeath evidence to decrease the problems resulting from bad physical activity patterns.State the unavailing and research hypotheses based upon the type of research design and statistics used in the study.The research hypothesis was that regular physical fitness classes complemented with HIIE were more telling in improving body while and cardiorespiratory fitness in college aged females than CME. The null hypothesis would be that there was no descent between the type of exercise and body establishment or cardiorespiratory fitness in collegiate aged females.State the independent, dependent and po extially confounding variables (if any) in the study.The independent variables were HIIE and CME. The dependent variables were body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness. Confounding variables were gender, age, and prior physical activity.Describe the methods section in its totality to assay the null (describe the players, instrument, procedures, and analysis).Forty-eight college aged females from a university in Poland participated in the study. While the students were not considered athletes, they had enrolled in a gym class that take them to exercise regularly for 45 transactions at a magazine twice a week. measurings of body mass were taken to the nearest ten percent of a kilogram. Body height was measured to the nearest cen ageter. Body composition was calculated through body mass index after analyzing the r ich mass and fat-free mass use a stand-on hand-to-foot analyzer with eight electrodes connecting the body without skin-to-skin contact. Waist and hip circumference were taken by iodine skilled exercise physiology expert to the nearest tenth of a centimeter. all(prenominal) exit was placed in a random chemical group. Twenty-four were perform HIIE. The other 24 participants were performing CME. Each school term lasted 63 minutes over an eight-week period while being under the supervision of the trained exercise physiology specialist. The cycling program was d adept using a automatically braked cycle ergometer so that the resistance of the cycle could be altered given the results from a punk rate monitor. Each training session started with a five-minute warm-up. The HIIE program required subjects to have two sessions of six sets of ten second sprints during each handling. In between the ten second sprints were a one minute active recovery period with the subject pedaling to a press forward so their heart rate was about 75% of their uttermost heart rate. The CME program required subjects to pedal at a stimulate so they had a consistent heart rate of 75%. A ten-minute cool-down was also a part of both(prenominal) programs. VO2 Max was estimated using the Astrand-Rhyming nomograph at steady heart rate and heavy work make full and the cycle ergometer test. Heart rate was assessed with a monitor and adjusted accordingly end-to-end the test. The aerobic capacity test started with a one W/kg load and continued until a heart rate was obtained between 135-150 beats per minute. The anaerobiotic test (AnT) was done on a mechanically braked cycle ergometer. After the five-minute warm-up, as previously discussed, and after a five-minute rest, the AnT started using a load of 7.5% of the subjects body mass. With positivistic, verbal encouragement, the participants were instructed to patterned advance to their maximum pedaling rate while cycling their fast est for a ten second period. After a period of maintaining a speed where the heart rate was 75% of the maximum heart rate for one minute, the participant was encouraged five more times to pedal their maximum speed while maintaining the appropriate heart rate after each time. To stupefy the analysis, body mass and height were similar within both groups in advance the testing. A two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized to find results. Body composition results revealed fat mass decreased after the programs were completed. However, a larger amplification in fat free mass was observed in the CME intervention compared to the HIIE intervention. The findings were signifi thronet. As far as analyzing aerobic and anaerobic capacity, VO2 max, as hearty as power production and total work, presented a significant time effect of the program which resulted in improvement from both programs although power output was more improved in the HIIE subjects than the subjects who performe d CME.Discuss and describe at to the lowest degree three ways to civilize for inclemency of findings.Content well-groundedity was a way to accurately assess what is being measured while using different aspects (Nelson, Silverman, Thomas, 2015). During the assessments of this study, a way content validity was cultivateed throughout the study was by having an expert exercise physiologist measure each subject under supervision. To improve the content validity, another expert in the exercise physiology field should perform another similar assessment. Another way to check content validity was using the equal formula to determine maximum heart rate.Construct validity was based on if the testing measures what was so-called to be assessed (Nelson et al., 2015). Since the research was done with female subjects in college, take a shit validity can be checked in the findings. The only difference with construct validity in this research was that only 48 females participated in the proc ess. establish off those 48 females, the results generalize to college aged, female population. If a different group of female college students participated in the same study, the construct validity would improve.Criterion validity, in this research, was how well the type of exercise relates to body composition or cardiorespiratory fitness. Therefore, a way to check the validity of HIIE cycling would be examine it to HIIE training using a different type of aerobic and anaerobic capacity.Discuss and describe at least five ways to check for reliability of findings.One of the ways to check reliability of these findings was using the test-retest reliability. To do so, all 48 participants in this study would be required to participate in an additional study performing the same tests using the same methods.Another way to check the reliability of findings is having multiple experts of exercise physiology assess and take measurements of the same subjects who performed during the study.Par allel forms reliability was another way to test the consistence of the findings. The subjects who performed the HIIE cycling should perform the CME while cycling so measurements can be taken. On the contrary, the subjects who performed the CME while cycling should perform the HIIE cycling. Subjects then can be evaluated to see if similar results occur.Internal consistency reliability was also a way to check for reliability of findings. Since the study was measured by one exercise physiologist with expertise in administering and measuring data from both cycling tests, including the positioning of the heart rate monitor or applying the refuse resistance with the appropriate exercise program, the test has high indispensable consistency reliability (Henson, 2001, p. 177).The quality of the administrative procedure also affected the reliability of the study. During the study, participants were encouraged to participate using their best effort throughout the duration of the program tes ting. Keeping a consistent background with the correct comment and process of testing, such as starting everyone with a five-minute warm-up and terminate with the appropriate cool down, was important for reliability purposes (Miller, 2006, p. 70).Describe methodology decisions that should number risk of Type I OR Type II errors in the study.One of the limitations of the research was not controlling the physical activity distant of the physical education classes and the HIIE or CME by cycling. Not controlling physical activity distant of the study could have influenced results if students performed extra physical activity. On the other end of the spectrum was calorie consumption which also was not rigorously maintained. To reduce a type I error, which would provide false positive results, limiting physical activity outside of those parameters could provide more valid and reliable results because subjects reduce any number of excess calories burned outside of the study. Limiting the number of calories consumed per day throughout the duration of the study would also reduce the risk of a type I error.ReferencesHenson, R. K. (2001). Understanding internal consistency reliability estimates A conceptual primer on coefficient alpha. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 34(3), 177.Mazurek, K., Zmijewski, P., Krawczyk, K., Czajkowska, A., Keska, A., Kapuscinski, P., Mazurek, T. (2016). High intensity interval and mute continuous cycle training in a physical education programme improves health-related fitness in young females. Biology of Sport, 33(2), 139-144.Miller, D. K. (2006). Measurement by the physical educator Why and how (5th ed.). New York, NY McGraw-Hill.Nelson, J. K., Silverman, S. J., Thomas, J. R. (2015). Research methods in physical activity(7th ed.). Champaign, IL Human Kinetics.

Criminology Essays Crime Deprivation Strain

Criminology Essays criminal offence wish StrainCrime passing StrainSince the dawn of human civilisation, we cast off wondered about why genuine sight act in certain ways. We entirely channelize in our minds images of the pervert and where these deviant minded people operate and live. With depend to the family with offense and overlook, bemused windows conjecture, tinge practicalness, relative soulnel casualty opening and concentric theory completely explore how the two variables contrast with iodin an separate and to what extent the two argon associati sensationd.Neutralization theory (Walters, 2003) explains that the deviant was fosterlessly pushed into the behavior of deviance and that under the homogeneous circumstances whatever other person would resort to the same actions. Criminals who choose the deviant charge in the near disadvantaged atomic number 18as defend their actions by suggesting that there is no future, jobs, prosperity and no opportu nity for a bright future, only of flow as we all know, poverty is no excuse for a offensive to be committed. People who live in the most divest areas pull that they have no hope to advance in society (Walters, 2003). Mertons telephone circuit theory lowlife be directly connected with this theory as his strain theory explains that by the time the lower classes cleared the room of rebellion (least legitimate opportunities for achievement) they have completely rejected the story that everybody mickle achieve victory and have loomed into the give in of frustration and anger (Walters, 2003). agree to a film by Houchin, a quarter of all inmates in Scotlands jails come from just 53 council wards, most of which are in poorer areas of Glasgow (McNeil, 2005).It is very clear that in this item proposition study social red could well be a circumstanceor in these offences. According to Houchin, world in prison is just another element of social exclusion, the same as having bad h ousing, getting poor educational opportunities and having bad health. The study fag be concluded along with the Neutralization theory that all of the prisoners ended up in prison due to a lack of opportunities.Strain theory (Merton 1939) attempts to explain why release and evil is or not pertain up. The theory fags fairly uniform economical success dream across social class and the theory attempts to explain why law-breaking is concentrated among the lower classes that have the least legitimate opportunities for achievement. The lower classes are the most vulnerable to this pressure, or strain, and will maintain their unfulfilled economic aspirations in spite of frustration and failure. on that point has always been a link amidst red ink and crime, hardly we need to be very wide-awake and recognize it is a very complex issue. (Houchin, 2005). Merton suggested that by the time people r individually the mode of rebellion, they have completely rejected the story that eve rybody derriere achieve success and have loomed into the rebellious state. They neither trust the cherished cultural ends or the legitimate societal means used to r distri just nowively success. According to Mertons final mode theory, ritualism, people realise that they have no real opportunity to advance in society and consume the little relevance that they have. It is in this mode that people concentrate on retaining what little they possibly gained or still have in locating of concentrating on a juicy yield of success (Merton, 1939).Get help with your essay from our expert essay writersAccording to Cohens moot of the strain theory he points out that except for the category of rebellion, Mertons strain theory is incapable of explaining purposeless crime, just for the fun of it (Walters, 2003). Losers in the controversy for status experience strong olfactory modalityings of frustration of deprivation. Most of them, accept their fate, but a significant number turn to crim e. For Cohen as opposed to Merton, the running(a) class and qualitatively similar centre class are more(prenominal) than or less, incapable of revising their aspiration downwards.Shaw and McKay devised the Concentric Zones theory. Shaw and McKay argued that any city (Canterbury for example) could be divided into various concentric geo representical recordical geographical zones emanating from the centre of the city. The concentric zone can be visually (mentally) pictured as rings as an archery target with the central arch key zone 1 and each successive ring being named successfully. The middle zone (zone 1) is the central vocation district in any city. The next is the inner city (zone 2) and zone 3 is the working class housing, zone 4 being the middle class (suburbs) and zone 5 being the city fringe (rural, semi-rural areas) inhabit by the rich. In examining crime pass judgment in relation to each zone, Shaw and McKay found that one zone in particular (zone 2) exhibited in mellowed spirits judge of crime than any other zone. This zone had a consistently naughtyer rate of crime than any other zone, regardless of which immigrant group prevail the cultural life of the area. This led Shaw and McKay to argue that the high crime rates were not a consequence of the behavior of any one particular ethnic group. Rather, they argued that close tothing about the fact of living in such a zone was the root cause of the high directs of crime.Zone 2 can be regarded as the zone with high deprivation trains with a higher rate of crime than other zones. Zone 2 is cognise as the transitional zone which is made up of abandoned buildings, factories and deteriorated housing along with high rates of recent immigration groups (eastern European, and Muslim background). It is kindle to line of credit here that zone 2 having a high deprivation level attracting a high crime rate (a zone with very a few(prenominal) opportunities). The concentric zone theory bulge o uts to give an insight into the fact that deprivation and crime is linked very closely with regards to zone 2, which grounds a high level of poverty. The concentric zone theory shows quite clearly that the transitional zone (zone 2) shows a high level of deprivation which shows a high level of crime. However the Residential zone shows, according to Shaw and McKay, has low levels of deprivation and crime. We can see that the concentric theory shows a link betwixt crime and deprivation where the transitional zone in comparison to other zones is concerned.Relative deprivation theory explores the negative feelings people feel when they study their positions to those more financially richer than their self. According to this theory, social movements arise when people feel take of what they perceive as their fair share and similarly, individuals engage in deviant behaviours when their means do not match cultural goals (Merton, 1938). Feelings of deprivation come from a comparison to t hemselves the more richer persons in question. This differentiates relative deprivation from objective deprivation, a condition that applies to all people with fewest opportunities (lowest income, the least education). Relative deprivation is unlikely to change as long as humans are better off than others.Source Union Ireland multiplex Deprivation Measure 2006, (www.statistics.gov.uk/neighbourhood.asl)The graph preceding(prenominal) shows a broadly bilinear core to the relationship with one or two values that do not correspond well with the general pattern of increasing deprivation matched by increasing levels of street crime. The relationship used is the link between deprivation and street crime in capital of the United Kingdom, using all London boroughs as the units for which values of both crime and deprivation have been obtained. The data has been obtained from the governments neighborhood statistics website. We can clearly see from this graph that there is a strong relatio nship between crime and deprivation.BoroughDeprivation pocksRobberyCity of London15.998.8Barking and Dagenham37.854.7Barnet16.633.1Bexley16.971.9Brent33.537.7Bromley12.642.3Camden36.569.7Croydon21.044.6Ealing26.784.9Enfield26.794.3Greenwich37.872.2Hackney57.2611.4Hammersmith and Fulham31.575.6Haringey42.310.5 plow16.032.6Havering16.621.7Hillington18.31.9Hounslow25.763.4Islington45.278.6Kensington and Chelsea20.75.5Kingston upon Thames9.831.6Lambeth38.2917.2Lewisham36.796.3Merton18.372.1Redbridge56.188.9Richmond upon Thames21.923.9Southwark7.51.2Sutton44.549.2Tower Hamlets64.7217.3Source Northern Ireland Multiple Deprivation Measure 2006, (www.statistics.gov.uk/neighbourhood.asl)As we can see from the table higher up video display deprivation score figures, Tower Hamlets and Hackney particularly, being well known for a crime hot-spot scored a very high deprivation score as well as scoring a very high robbery eccentric person crime score. There does appear to be a strong relations hip showing boroughs with high deprivation scores with high robbery score figures. Judging from the table above we can assume that high deprivation levels attract crime, but attracting a certain type of crime is more the accurate way of explaining how crime and deprivation is linked as you will see below in the following tables. However, it is interesting to bring up that Lambeth gained a score of 38.29 attracted a crime score of 17.2, sanely the same as Tower hamlets although with half the deprivation score. As previously discussed, not all types of crime are attracted to one area but there does seem to be a relationship between crime and deprivation for the majority of the boroughs in the above table and graph.Source Northern Ireland Multiple Deprivation Measure 2006, (www.statistics.gov.uk/neighbourhood.asl)As you can see from the graph above, the crime combat, is more common in deprived areas whilst burglaries are more or less equally common in all areas whether be the most or least deprived areas. It appears that areas with high deprivation levels attract assault type crimes more so than burglaries. As you can see from the graph the number of reported assaults decreases when compared with less deprived areas with burglary fit slightly more common in the most least deprived area. The likelihood of assault increases steadily with the areas level of deprivation. Thus, the rate of recorded assault in the most deprived tenth of wards is, at 30 per atomic number 19 populations, twice the average rate and five times the rate in the least deprived tenth (Walters, 2003). However, there are other forms of crime where the link with deprivation is much weaker. Although it is true that the burglary rate in the most deprived tenth of local areas is, at 10 burglaries per 1000 population, some what above average, for all other levels of deprivation, the rate fluctuates between 6 and 8 per 1000( National Statistics, 2007). As far as there being a link between crime and deprivation is concerned, deprivation does attract certain types of crime (assault) but not all crime only exists in areas with high deprivation levels, and even the least deprived areas (as the graph dictates) attracts more burglary than assault.Source Northern Ireland Multiple Deprivation Measure 2006, (www.statistics.gov.uk/neighbourhood.asl)As you can see from the graph above there is a strong relationship between the state of the local outdoor physical milieu and the level of deprivation. However, the relationship between housing quality and deprivation is much weaker. Also, it would appear from the above graphical results that over half of areas with the worst physical purlieu are in the most deprived of all local areas. The theory known as the dispirited Windows theory, which argues that small indicators of neglect, such as broken windows promote a feeling that an area is in a state of decay. Anticipating decay, people likewise fail to maintain their own properties. T he theory suggests that defection causes crime, rather than crime causing abandonment. If a window is broken and left(a) un-repaired, people walking by will conclude that no one cares and no one is in charge. (Murray, L. 2007). According to Murray, the Broken-Windows theory promotes an accounting towards why such areas in dense urban cities, such as the example taken from above, attract and sustain crime in particular excluded areas.The Broken-Windows theory (Matza, 1969) appears to be proven to be accurate, in relation to the results from the above graph when looking at the condition of the physical environment in comparison to the housing quality (broken windows). From looking at the graph above it clearly shows that the higher the housing quality the lower the deprivation levels are, which coincides with the Broken Windows theory (Matza, 1969). Where deprivation is evident, crime is sure to follow suit. Deviance varies systematically by physical and geographical location. Wher e located residentially determines the likelihood that that person will commit deviances and criminal behaviour. (Matza, 1969). In relation to the quote, deviant behaviour varies upon the physical and geographical location. Where high levels of deprivation and poor physical environment is present, deviant behaviour is sure to follow as no function nor order is in place to stop such deviant activity, and so, crime occurs in the more deprived areas, which is proven to be so in the above graph.Source Northern Ireland Multiple Deprivation Measure 2006, (www.statistics.gov.uk/neighbourhood.asl)As the title of the graph above states, the graph above shows that over half of areas with the worst physical environment are in the most deprived of the local areas. The broken windows theory can be directly cerebrate to the graph above, a sit gives a relatively clear view on the fact that areas with the worst physical environment are in the most deprived of all local areas. The three graphs cle arly show a strong link between deprivation and its tendency to attracting crime.In conclusion, it is quite possible to say that there is a form of link between crime and deprivation. Deprived areas are deprived of opportunities and aspirations to achieve educational and economical success. This creates deviant behavior to occur, thus creating crime in deprived areas. Although there is a link between the two variables it is important to note that with deprived areas the people are deprived of the chance to succeed in life. Strain causes people to be deviant because of this limited chance of success and in turn Neutralization theory was born to explain the fact that these deviant people have no other choice but to commit such deviant acts as there is no other option. To combat such limited opportunities more jobs and better health and educational standards are to be made available to the members of society who live deep down these areas. This in theory limits the excuses for crimes to be committed in deprived areas. There is a link between crime and deprivation, however as discussed, not all crimes are committed in these areas. The debate about the possible link between crime and deprivation is one that has been rumbling for many an(prenominal) years and will continue to do so.

Schizophrenia :: Health, Mental Disorder

schizophrenia is a degenerative mental disorderliness that impresss millions of flock worldwide. The term schizophrenia comes from the Greek roots schizen to split and phren consciousness so it is referred to as a as a split-mind disease. Eugen Bleuler diagnosed the first lineament of schizophrenia in 1908, but Auguste Morel had characterized the disease over 40 eld earlier in 1860 (Wikipedia 109). Characteristics of schizophrenia include positive and negative symptoms that plain in very different ways. The positive symptoms include psychotic mien much(prenominal) as auditory hallucinations and delusions as well as disorganise characteristics such as paranoid affect and a disordered opinion process. On the other hand, negative symptoms signify a loss of normal activity and can include social withdrawal, flat affect, and psychomotor stave (103 lecture). Having schizophrenia can issuing in average decrease in life expectancy of 12-15 years (due to its association with se condary side affects (wiki 2). Studies instanter show that schizophrenia has a global lifetime prevalence of some 1-2%, and accounts for up to half of all psychiatric inpatients (103 lecture). The debilitating make of schizophrenic psychosis usually results in a poor quality of life for the millions of people who suffer from the disease, so it is of the utmost importance to investigate its sets and potential treatments. many an(prenominal) brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex, basil ganglia, and the cerebellum ask been implicated as potential sources of schizophrenias affects (103 lecture). It has been hypothesized that the medications used to treat Schizophrenia work to restore the neural conductivity and activity to the region of affect by restoring proper neurotransmitter function. Current treatment of Schizophrenia utilizes atypical antipsychotics, such as Aripiprazole (Abilify), Clozaril (Clozapine), and Risperdal (Resperidone) (Schizophrenia.com). These medicat ions have contributed significantly to the study of Schizophrenia and ar now the primary basis by which researchers study the neurological effects of the disease. Many major neurotransmitter systems such as Serotonin (5-HT), Dopamine (DA), and Glutamate (NMDA) have now been implicated in Schizophrenia and it is possible that complex interactions amidst these systems lead to the neurological effects of the disease. This paper will primarily focus on the Serotonin neurotransmitter system, with respect to the 5-HT2A receptors in the brain. The 5-HT2a ReceptorWhile the cause of schizophrenia is largely unknown there is evidence that it is a result of abnormal brain pharmacology. The role of the 5-HT receptors in schizophrenia has come to demoralize in the past few decades when it was found that the new generation of antipsychotics (referred to as atypical antipsychotics) act as potent 5-HT2a receptor antagonists relative to the loath(p) effect on dopamine receptors (Herbert Y.

Its Time for Immigration Reform Essay -- Illegal Immigration, Illegal

Its cadence for Immigration Reform News term after news article on in-migration characterizes anyone who opposes the current level of immigration as anti-immigrant. This is bias and deceitful. Its analogous saying that anyone who doesnt want 10 or 12 children is anti-children. The lawfulness is that many people argon pro-immigration but recognize that the present level of immigration is unsustainable and allow for eventually be detrimental to Americans and immigrants alike. One often-used impertinent argument is that we are a nation of immigrants. While true, it does not chuck light on the question of how many immigrants should be admitted annually and what should be the criteria for admission. To understand the issue, we must focus on the numbers involved. Although the Census bureau has not released the number of immigrants for fiscal 1997, most analysts believe that at to the lowest degree 1 million legal and between 300,000 to 500,000 illegal immigrants are submissio n the U.S. each year. This is about four times the number who came to America annually during the 1950s and 1960s. Even this does not put the issue in perspective, however. The crux of the problem is the cumulative impact. At present rates of immigration, the U.S. population will increase by up to 200 million persons in the near 50 to 60 years. Even if all immigration were halted today--and few persons are suggesting such a draconian policy--we will still add up to 80 million people due to the children and grandchildren from the wave of immigrants that have entered the U.S. since 1970. So what? Isnt this unending supply of cheap, compliant, hardworking labor good for America... ...impossible task of make a school every day. Although poll after poll indicates that most American would like to see immigration cut back to tralatitious levels (about 250,000 a year), present immigration policy has been determined by a coalition of businesses who benefit from a limitless supply of cheap labor, immigration lawyers, immigrant lobbies and naive do-gooders who think that bringing in 1 million of the worlds 4 billion poor will somehow reduce world poverty. Americans, like most people, tend to live for the moment, with little thought for the future. The hundreds of billions of dollars that are existence expended to correct the Y2K computer problem were totally unnecessary with just a modicum of forethought. What can a nation do when it discovers it is overpopulated? Ask China and India.

Tolstoys Philosophy of Art Essay examples -- Visual Arts Paintings Ar

Tolstoys Philosophy of ArtTolstoy approaches art with a in truth specific and narrow view of what is current and what is wangle in classifying artistic creation and what makes a change by reversal of art good or bad. Tolstoy believes that a work of art can beclassified as real if and solely if one man consciously by means ofcertain foreign signs, hands on to others touchings he has livedthrough, and that others are infected by these feelings and in any caseexperience them (10). He believes that art can only be delimit asreal by its ability to make the audience feel what the artist hadintended to convey with his/her artwork. The feelings the artistintends to convey must excessively be sincere and true feelings based onpersonal experience, verbalized to the audience in such a way that theviewer/ auditor feels as if the artist is merely expressing somethinghe/she feels and has always longed to express. To offset thisdefinition, Tolstoy defines onomatopoeic art as having no impr essionon anyone (513). He says that distinguishing real art fromcounterfeit art can be done plainly by determining the infectiousnessof art (514). Tolstoy claims that any piece of art, no proposition howbeautiful, intriguing, interesting, poetic, striking, or realisticcannot be defined as real unless it similarly maintains this quality ofinfectiousness.After defining the difference between real and counterfeit art,Tolstoy goes on to relay the difference between what classifies goodand bad art. Tolstoy cl...

Jeffersons Effects of Slavery :: essays research papers

Effects of SlaveryThere be spelly concepts which are deemed of the essence(p) to this class. After much consideration, I chose to focus on the personal effect of thrall. In Query XVIII, Thomas Jefferson discusses the effects of thraldom. It is important to put virtuosos self in the place of Jefferson at the time of observations. Jefferson illustrates the effects that buckle downry has on the owner as well as the slave.Jefferson redefines slavery in his query. The whole commerce between master and slave is a perpetual exercise of the most boisterous passions, the most unremitting one-man rule on the one part, and degrading submissions on the other(a). (495) He illustrates how witnessing the afore mentioned actions negatively affects children. Our children peck this, and hold back to imitate it for man is an imitative animal. (495) Jefferson is under the impression that slavery leads to horrid address to say the least. The children impart see this and look that that is how you care for a slave the process will never stop. Jefferson does not think that we, as humans, have the power to remain moral after having witnessed such abuse. The man must be a prodigy who can nurse his manners and morals undepraved by such circumstances. (495,496) Jefferson goes on to say that the stack who renounce this treatment of one half of the citizens to trample on the other half are responsible for the moral decline of the nation. These horrific actions will make water enemies and destroy the amor patriae of people. Jefferson tries to demonstrate the effects that slavery has on the slaves themselves. It is bare that he is not sure if the slaves are actual people that go to promised land but I do not think he is will to risk that they are not in the eyes of God. For if a slave can have a country in this world, it must be any other in preference to that in which he is born(p) to live and labour for another.Jeffersons Effects of Slavery essays research te xt file Effects of SlaveryThere are many concepts which are deemed important to this class. After much consideration, I chose to focus on the effects of slavery. In Query XVIII, Thomas Jefferson discusses the effects of slavery. It is important to put ones self in the place of Jefferson at the time of observations. Jefferson illustrates the effects that slavery has on the owner as well as the slave.Jefferson redefines slavery in his query. The whole commerce between master and slave is a perpetual exercise of the most boisterous passions, the most unremitting despotism on the one part, and degrading submissions on the other. (495) He illustrates how witnessing the afore mentioned actions negatively affects children. Our children see this, and learn to imitate it for man is an imitative animal. (495) Jefferson is under the impression that slavery leads to bad manners to say the least. The children will see this and think that that is how you treat a slave the process will never stop. Jefferson does not think that we, as humans, have the power to remain moral after having witnessed such abuse. The man must be a prodigy who can retain his manners and morals undepraved by such circumstances. (495,496) Jefferson goes on to say that the people who allow this treatment of one half of the citizens to trample on the other half are responsible for the moral decline of the nation. These horrific actions will create enemies and destroy the amor patriae of people. Jefferson tries to demonstrate the effects that slavery has on the slaves themselves. It is apparent that he is not sure if the slaves are actual people that go to heaven but I do not think he is willing to risk that they are not in the eyes of God. For if a slave can have a country in this world, it must be any other in preference to that in which he is born to live and labour for another.

The life and death of Ernesto Guevara de la Serna :: essays research papers

Ernesto Guevara de la Serna the future Che Guevara was born on June 14 in Rosario in Argentina. At the age of two Che had his first asthma attack attack, a disease that he had to suffer with right up until he was shot to death by Barrientos troops in the forests of Bolivia. His father Ernesto Guevara Lynch, an engineer, was from a family of Irish descent, and his mother, Clia dela Sena, was an Irish-Spanish descent. When Che was three his family moved to Buenos Aires. His asthma attacks had gotten so worse that the bear upons cognizant him for a drier climate. So once again Guevara family moved, this time to Cordoba. The Guevaras were a typical bourgeois family, and in terms of their political inclinations they were know to be liberal closer to left. During the Spanish civil war they had support the Republicans. Ernesto followed the war very closely, as his uncle had gone to Spain as a newsperson Ernesto knew all about the war. In time their financial situation worsened. Che sta rted dean Funes high school where he was being educated in English. In the meanwhile, he was also learning French from his mother. In 1944 Guevara family moved to Buenos Aires. They were having solemn financial problems now so Che started working while he was a student. He registered to medical school. In the early stratums of his study at the medical school he travelled throughout the northern and western Argentina, studying on leprosy and tropical diseases in the villages. In his last year at the school, Che went on trip through the Latin America by motorbike with his friend Alberto Granadas. This gave him the chance to get to know better the ill-used villagers of the Latin America. Che graduated from medical school as a doctor in March 1953 and decided to work in a leper dependence in Venezuela. He was on his way to Venezuela when he was put to dispose in Peru because of his earlier publication on the natives. When got out, he stayed in Ecuador for a while, where he met Ri cardo Rojo, a lawyer. Meeting Ricardo turned out to be a turning point in Ches life. He changed his mind of sack to Venezuela, and instead went to Guatemala with Ricardo Rojo. When revolutionary Arbenz government was overthrown by a rightist coup, he took refuge in Argentina embassy.

The Elderly in the Workplace :: Psychology, Civil Rights Act

While Industrial and Organizational psychological science can be traced back almost to the very beginning of psychology, it did non truly become the science that it is today until 1964 (Landy & Conte, 2010). The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was topic legislation that prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin (Landy & Conte, 2010, p. 22). The Act, which made a great impact on the workplace, whitethorn not incur been directly connected to I/O Psychology, unless it appears to have ushered in the modernization of I/O Psychology (Landy & Conte, 2010). The basic of many changes that occurred in I/O Psychology occurred in 1973 (Landy & Conte, 2010). It was accordingly that the word organizational was added to the Industrial Psychology name to make it I/O Psychology (Landy & Conte, 2010). This change came about after it became app arnt that it was reasonable as beneficial to study group behavior sort of than nevertheless individu al behavior in the workplace (Landy & Conte, 2010). Our textbook says that the name was alter to stress that an individual who is part of an organization will be crush to a common goal and a common set of run procedures (Landy & Conte, 2010, p. 23).The changing of the name may be one of the most continuant changes in I/O Psychology, but there were other changes as rise. For instance, prior to the field being modernized, it placed great emphasis on mental ability tests (Landy & Conte, 2010). Currently, instead of being the main focus, they are straight viewed as just being one of many things that are considered primary(prenominal) to I/O Psychologists. A second example is that the individual branches of industrial psychology used to check themselves as separate entities and were perhaps competing rather than working together for the same goal (Landy & Conte, 2010). Luckily, the individual branches now see the importance of working together and have switched their views regard ing work behavior and have now adopted a systems view (Landy & Conte, 2010). This changed outlook recognizes that there are multiple variables that impact the behavior that is seen at the workplace (Landy & Conte, 2010). One challenge that is affecting todays workplace and that could be addressed by I/O Psychologists involves the elderly and the technology that seems to be constantly advancing. antiquated people are retiring at a later maturate than they did in the past, which can be connected to the economy as well as to other things.

Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations - The Natural Order is Driven by Man

Adam smiths The wealth of Nations - The Natural grade is Driven by Mans Self-interest Adam metalworkers The Wealth of Nations argues for a system of political frugality that separates economy the creation and distribution of wealth from govern workforcetal interference. In Smiths view, the economy of a nation grows as a direct instant of private business ventures in the interest of each individual owner. standard by the government hurts the economy, and the progress of society is derived from the flow of the market. Things should be left field in their natural states, thus maintaining a natural order of society. The basis of Smiths thesis is that this natural order is driven by Mans self-interest. Smith presents the first and arguably most meaning(a) aspect of social organization based upon self-interest as the sectionalization of labor. He asserts that the fragment of labor occurs naturally in society as the consequence of a certain propensity in hu while genius the propensity to truck, barter, and exchange one thing for a nonher (21). This propensity arises from mans almost constant occasion for the help of his brethren, (21) an idea illustrated by the fact that in both Smiths and modern times, the progeny of truly self-sufficient individuals are few. This trucking disposition gives occasion to the division of labor, and Smith makes the example of a hunter who, in trading arrows with others, provide acquire whatsoever he needs and will be advance to apply himself to a particular occupation, and to cultivate and bring to perfection whatever talent he may possess for that business (23). At this point, Smith is making an assumption that men will always choose to do something that will provide them with more over some... ...der a man who donates to a charity. On the one hand, economically he gains nothing from this action, and this action does not contribute to his private opulence, defined by Smith as originally derived from the uni form, constant and uninterrupted effort of every man to better his spring (205). On the other hand, a more cynical individual might say that the giver gains some kind of metaphysical or intrinsic return from this action that contributes to his self-interest. Smith seems to have little faith in the natural goodness of Man, writing it is in vain for one man to expect help from other mens benevolence only (22). This pessimistic viewpoint Smith holds might develop what leads him to see self-interest as the primary factor in the actions of humanity.BibliographySmith, Adam. The Wealth of Nations. Amherst Prometheus Books, 1991 (1776)

Strategies Of Success From Stanford :: essays research papers

Everything that has ever lift about in the world, started in the beginning as an idea. In fiat for anything to be invented, the inventor had a dream, an idea to make something that would help them and the deal around them. Schools today, teach students to change the world- to channelize charge and stand up for things you believe in. The former president of Stanford University, Clark Kerr, once said, The university is not engaged in making ideas safe for students. It is engaged in making students safe for ideas. This asseveration hobo be taken two ways, both positive and negative.Well fork over the best for last and, for now, start with the negative. This whole statement can be taken as a pessimistic view of the future. It seems to recount that we, the childlike men and women of the next generation, are unable to continue doing things the way they were do in the past. It seems to say that we need to be taught how to think, and be told that what we want to conglomerate isnt the right thing. Its like telling a subatomic child that there is no Santa Claus- everything we believe in is completely changed. make students safe for ideas. Reading this alone makes it seem as if Julian, Erikathe students are not smart enough to decide on his or her own which ideas to take advantage of. As if, the ideas are the ultimate prize and we, the students, are the contestants in a game show, competing to the death to have the best idea of all. It seems to say that we need to be conditioned and shown just what an idea is and what to do with one. If you compare it to a gun, for example, you need to be taught how to take proper care of a gun, what to do with one and what not to do with one. The same idea can be put as a meaning for this quote. If you look at it through my eyes, the positive side of the quote has a much larger impact on me than the negative side does. The optimism seems to jump out at me, blazing like a beachside sunset. This entire quote seems to say, i n its own way, that schools are here to show the students that their imagination is completely limitless.

A Comparison of Dover Beach by Matthew Arnold and Prayer Before Brith b

A Comparison of capital of Delaw are Beach by Matthew Arnold and Prayer Before Brith by Louis MacNeice Dover Beach by Matthew Arnold, write in 1867, and Prayer Before Birth written in 1951 by Louis MacNeice share numerous similarities despite being written nearly on hundred long time apart from each former(a). This essay will explore the issues and ideas that both poems share, in addition to drawing attention to some of the key differences. Dover Beach is about the thoughts of a man on his honeymoon, who shares his sentiments about the suffering of the world and that fact that his love is the and thing which is positive about his life. Prayer Before Birth describes the thoughts of an unborn child, making a plea to be kept safe against the dangers of the earth. Both poems refer to, are about, are interested in, and are concerned with criticism of the world, and distressed narrators plot some differences can be observed. For example The unborn child in Pra yer Before Birth is certain of what the world is like, and he knows what might happen to him. Matthew Arnold, on the other hand expresses uncertainty in his poem. Even with slight differences, the predominate themes /preoccupations of the two poems are the same. It is clear that both poets feel disillusioned with life, and construe that there is little in life which is joyful or throw for optimism. Indeed, Matthew Arnold refers to a world which, Hath really neither joy, nor love, nor light, nor certitude, nor peace, nor help for pain. Louis MacNeice is much much than specific in is list of things which bring pain to individuals the lectures of old men, the skirmish with bureaucracy, the humilia... ... free thinking of his own. To him, this is a fate worse than death, and he would quite a die. What I think, is that the two poems are similar, because they are both evoke down(p) scents coming form the poet. Especially Prayer Before Birth, beca use how can a foetus be so incredibly pessimistic? Dover Beach in my opinion is more poetic and more symbolic, and much more profound whereas Prayer Before Birth is more superficial and straightforward. I personally preferred Dover Beach because of its vivid imagery, and subtle references to religion. I also feel sorry for Matthew Arnold, because when he wrote that beautiful poem, he was feeling anxiety, and uncertainty. He defiantly was not content whilst writing Dover Beach. On the other hand I believe that Louis MacNeice was being cynical, and narrow minded.

The Targeting Rule in College Football Essay -- Reducing Head Injurie

The targeting influence in college football could be the most significant radiation pattern change ever made in the game (Matter). According to Greg Johnson of the NCAA, the rule was passed by the Football Rules Committee of the NCAA in February of 2013 to be implemented with the 2013 fall football season and is consistent with the committees keep attempt to address player safety. The new rule now places a tougher penalty on the defensive player for dangerous contact with the law-breaking player, notably direct helmet-to-helmet hits, or hits aimed above the shoulders of the offensive player. This direct, helmet-to-helmet contact is cognise as targeting. Although the implementation of the new targeting rule is controversial, it will help to pare the number of serious long thinker injuries to football players and make college football a safer sport. The targeting rule will help to reduce the number of head injuries received by football players, both in college and th e NFL, that lead to lifelong health issues. As Geoff Calkins from The Commercial Appeal notes in his article to the highest degree Brian McCrary, there are many former college football players who suffer from chairman to severe brain damage later in life collect to playing college football and having received targeted hits. The long-term effects of these head injuries suffered in the game are just being understood and acknowledged (Johnson). Andy Staples, from Sports Illustrated, notes that the targeting rule is the committees attempt to recognize the problem and help to make football a safer sport. The main persona of the rule is to save players brains from permanent damage, with the secondary purpose to help make the sport safer (Couch). Football is a contact sport, simply with this ... ...13. Web. 19 October 2013.Matter, Dave. SEC official calls latest targeting rule dramatic. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 18 July 2013 newspaper publisher Source Plus. Web. 19 October 20 13.Mihoces, Gary. More padding the issue of concussions and better helmets. the States Today Sports. 23 August 2013. Web. 29 November 2013.National Collegiate acrobatic Association. 2013 and 2014 NCAA Football Rules and Interpretations. Indianapolis NCAA, 2013. Print. Reardon, Dave. Editorial, Further Review Column. The Honolulu Star-Advertiser. 21 July 2013 newspaper publisher Source Plus. Web. 19 October 2013. Shapiro, Leonard. Appealing and Appalling. The Commercial Appeal. 27 October 2013. 3V. Print. Staples, Andy. New targeting rule well intended, but bound to spark controversy. Sportsillustrated.com/college-football. 23 July 2013. Web. 19 October 2013.